Fetal Abnormalities – Indirect Signs
- Placental sonografic findings: placental degeneration, increased thickness, cystic images and the tendency toward increased volume and echogenicity as pregnancy progresses.
- Single umbilical artery is a sonographic sign associated with a wide range of syndromes, perinatal complications, intrauterine growth restriction and fetal malformations, chromosomal defects (especially trisomy 18).
- Umbilical cord pseudocyst has been associated with fetal chromosome abnormalities, in particular trisomia 13 and 18.
- Yolk sac: its size can be considered as a predicitive factor of wellbeing in pregnancy; a decrease in yolk sac diameter has been suggested to be a marker of aneuploidy when accompanied by the decreased levels of maternal serum alphafetopritein seen in trisomic fetuses.
- Ventricular echogenic focus: it has been associated with cardiac tumors and chromosomal defects .
- Bilateral pyelectasia is an additional sign in the ultrasound screening of trisomy 21.
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